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61.
利用根轨迹极坐标方程对三阶系统根轨迹进行了研究,得出了三阶系统根轨迹的基本图形为双曲线的结论,并对图形的各种具体情况进行了进一步的讨论。 相似文献
62.
谷物循环干燥机控制系统硬件设计 总被引:11,自引:3,他引:11
针对循环式缓苏干燥机的工作特性,采用单片机模糊控制方法进行控制系统硬件设计,为解决单片机与计算机的双向通讯,实现干燥过程专家智能控制提供硬件基础。 相似文献
63.
对玉米联合收获机推广应用较多的山东、山西及河北等省的玉米联合收获机试验情况进行了研究分析.其结果表明,影响玉米联合收获机推广的诸多因素中,最为关键的因素就是行距的适应性问题。为此,结合小麦联合收获机推广经验,指出了加快玉米联合收获机推广应用速度的关键是实现玉米生产过程机械化,而在小麦玉米一年两熟地区则要从小麦的种植规格入手,即实现小麦玉米全过程的机械化;并将系统工程的方法运用于种植收获的全过程,真正实现优质与高效的现代化农业生产。 相似文献
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A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m3 h–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%. 相似文献
68.
生态需水研究进展及存在问题 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
回顾了生态需水问题的提出背景,分析了目前有关生态需水的定义,归纳了生态需水的类型,讨论了不同生态系统(河道生态系统、植被生态系统)生态需水的计算方法,提出了存在的问题,原因和今后研究的方向。 相似文献
69.
This paper presents a scenario-based analysis of the impacts of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform for upland agriculture using a Welsh case-study. Specifically the paper examines the impacts of the introduction of the single-farm payment (SFP), the modulation of direct payments under Pillar I of the CAP and the increase in agri-environment payments under Pillar II. Three enterprises are examined, upland sheep rearing with lamb finishing, spring- and autumn-calving suckler-cattle with calf rearing. These enterprises are modelled under conditions in 2002/3, 2004/5 and for the reformed CAP in 2005/6. To support this analysis a livestock system model (LSM) was implemented. The model assesses alternative management regimen using a flexible state-transition approach. This simplifies the realisation and parameterisation of potentially complex management regimen. The model tracks fodder requirements to achieve targets based on defined diets. The LSM underpins whole-farm analyses of stocking-rates, labour and other resource requirements and net-farm income. From the case study the paper concludes that the impacts of the introduction of the CAP reform on the financial performance of the systems are small but negative (a net reduction of around 5% in support). The larger reduction in direct payments (15–18%) is partially offset by agri-environment measures. The paper concludes that while SFP encourages a more market-oriented outlook, the adaptive capacity within systems as they stand is very limited. There are a range of possible adaptation strategies, but for the uplands the extensification of cattle systems by reducing stock numbers and cutting back on labour seems most probable. 相似文献
70.
Towards sustainable farming systems: Effectiveness and deficiency of the French procedure of sustainable agriculture 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mohamed Gafsi Bruno Legagneux Genevive Nguyen Patrice Robin 《Agricultural Systems》2006,90(1-3):226-242
There is a widespread consensus about the importance of sustainable agriculture. In France, the Farming Orientation Law of July 1999 has set down a precise procedure for the implementation of sustainable agriculture: the contrat territorial d’exploitation – or territorial farm contract (TFC). This paper aims to analyse the TFC effectiveness. An analysis has been made of the TFCs signed in the Midi-Pyrenees Region in south-western France, using statistical analysis and qualitative surveys of a sample of farms. The results show that the most valuable effects have been mainly economic. Effects regarding social and environmental aspects were very limited. But from the point of view of an integrated approach, indirect effects of TFCs can be observed on social and environmental aspects. These results are explained, on the one hand, by farmers’ motivations guided by economic objectives, and on the other hand, by the dominance of professional farming organisations in the implementation of TFC’s procedure. Given these results, two ways of improving the elaboration procedure for TFCs are proposed. Firstly, technical improvements can be made to the diagnostic assessment of farms, and to the choice of actions addressed by the contract. Secondly, organisational improvements can be applied to TFCs elaboration and implementation process, in order to adopt a participatory approach which would involve all rural stakeholders. 相似文献